Developing Country Like India Children And Young People Essay

Developing Country Like India Children And Young People Essay In a large developing country like India, Non Governmental Organizations act as alternative or complementary service providers and try to bridge the numerous gaps in the developmental processes between reach and requirement of services. These alternative service providers play an important role by helping governments through advocating, partnering and complementing the works of the state in order to ensure that all those who are excluded, enjoy their right of equality in society. Governments are legally, morally and socially responsible that the entire population enjoys their human rights including the right to education and health. These responsibilities are reinforced by most national constitutions and laws and various international conventions like WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF etc., which are ratified by states and are binding to all future administrators. Yet after so many efforts and promises to implement the laws and constitutions the weaker section of the society, not only in India but in all parts of the world, is still denied the human rights of quality education, health and equality. Healthy and erudite people are the core of any development. Lack of access to the education, securely acquired knowledge, skills and good health is a means for its diminution. Sustainable development is possible only through the access to meaningful learning which in turn is crucial for improved productivity, lessened poverty, improved and preventive health care, empowered women and enhanced equality. NGOs, as development partners, have the main harmonizing role to play in countries where governments have failed or are unable to fulfill their customary role. In the health and education sectors, there are many success stories that not only created the required physical infrastructure but also developed the academic and caring environment for those who are still left out. NGOs as carriers of inclusive growth Government of India is focusing on the financial inclusion of the society at large. But still there is a greater need for the inclusive society so as the underserved must not feel left out. Here NGOs can play a better role for the integration of this weaker section with the society where governments efforts are not able to fulfill the gaps and the aspirations. Access to basic education and health care facilities are basically considered as the prime responsibilities of governments. Governments try to be in line with the internationally agreed goals of Education for All which state that primary education should be free and compulsory. The main objective behind these targets was on augmenting access of children to basic formal education provided by governments. Role of governments as a facilitator of basic education is pertinent as a literate society can take an advantage in building nations identity and can also amass benefits of social and economic development. Not only the society at large but individuals can also be benefited in terms of lifestyle, lifecycle and across generations. In developing countries like India, the imperative for educated people is even greater, as it is not only about exercising the right to be learned and a duty to contribution towards the nation for its development, but it is also important for ensuring securit y. Health care and education are the primary service sectors given these are the largest, the most prevalent and perceptible institutions in the country, visible even in the secluded regions. Due to their cultural, social and economic dimensions of health and education sectors, these are the most complex institutions to administer and manage. Thus, irrespective of all the efforts and money put in for the fulfillment of constitutional pledge of Education for All and Healthy Citizens, India is still struggling with the serious issues of poor quality, lack of motivation, disorganization and inadequate access in the schooling and health system. Moreover, where the governments provision to realize the objectives of universal primary education and healthy citizens has been inadequate to fulfill demand, the sustainable and long-term partnership of government and NGOs can bridge this gap. NGOs as stakeholders in the governance act as driving force behind greater cooperation through the active m obilization of public support for a particular cause. With transformed focus on expanding the facilities of quality health care and education and to be in sync with the goals of international agencies, greater attention is being paid on role of non government stakeholders that they are playing and could play in supporting benefactors and government in achieving targets, while government being the main provider. This attracts consideration of the changing role of the government needs to play in supporting the demands of improved health care facilities and quality primary education in cases where it is not the direct provider. The governments role differs according to the type of the NGO and the extent to which they compliment the public delivery of the services. NGOs advocate their role towards the achievement of goals of inclusive growth either by putting pressure on the government agencies or by involving directly as care takers. The underserved may take many forms including those hard to reach in terms of gender, street children, orphans, disbanded children in post conflict areas, children with disabilities, refugees, child labourers etc. These underserved are not able to avail their basic necessities of education and health and hence cannot be a part of inclusive growth because of poverty, and or because of socio cultural and other demand related reasons. Inadequate supply of resources in isolated and rural areas can further aggravate these constrictions. NGOs and Orphans need for Education and Health As per a study conducted by SOS Childrens village based on third National Health Survey, there are about 20 million children (about 4% of the total population) are orphan. According to this, 0.3% children were orphaned because of death of their parents and rest 99.7% have been abandoned. The main reasons for such high figures are ascribed to poverty as the main contributor while social unrest and terrorism in some states, as revealed by this survey of SOS Childrens village. Poverty, disability, disagreements, and lack of awareness are noteworthy constrictions to many children getting into schools. Economic hardships and societys lack of interest and protection mean that orphans may lose the opportunity to the avail the facilities provided by the public health system as well. Children who have been orphaned by the death of parents or the single surviving parent is not able to take care, are commonly discarded by society, denied affection and care and left with few resources to live on. For social and economic reasons these children often drop out from schools. Sometimes these children are undernourished and suffer from ill health and are at a risk of mistreatment and negligence. In many situations these children are pushed into illicit activities and sexual activities in case of girl child. India is leaving no stones unturned with the objective to bring orphan into the mainstream. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Ministry, Health Ministry and Education Ministry of Indian government have implemented various welfare and health schemes for the underprivileged. Also there are more than 800 orphanages across India for the upliftment of this underserved section of society. The governments endeavor to improve the access of primary education and health care facilities for orphans is rooted in the importance of basic human rights for all children. This effort of governments can ensure a status of equality and social security among all sections of society. The benefits of social incorporation, psychological development, secure and structured environment etc. can be leveraged by conferring knowledge and life skills. Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram The NGO According to the official statistics, the orphans in India are 4% (nearly 20 million) of the total population, which is significant figure and should be looked into very seriously. Legislation to combat the child health and education in India is both disproportionate and inadequately enforced. Despite existing legislation, these are the children who constitute the never been to school category, posing a serious challenge to the uiversalisation of primary education and to the goals of WHO. Irrespective of allocation of considerable funds for the education and health to all, government strategies to combat the problem have not been very effective. The Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram is a Non Government Charitable Organisation in Greater NOIDA, U.P., has developed a model that uses health care and education as a means of tackling the problems of orphan, with the main focus on girl child and destitute women without any differentiation of caste, religion, region, race or colour. The ashram is a project of H. H. Shri Mataji Devi Foundation. The organization is registered under the Trust Registration Act and Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA). The organization is funded by the members of the Sahaj Yoga Organization and there are some international donors as well. Seminars and workshops are conducted as fund raising activities. NGO does not get any financial assistance from the government agencies. Mrs. Giesla Matzer, the Executive Director told that the ashram is controlled but not sponsored by the state government. The Ashram is managed and run by the chairman Sir C. P. Srivastava and the trustees. The day to day activities are administered by Austrian Citizen Mrs. Gisela Matzer, the Executive Director. She is very affectionately being called Oma by the residents and is like grandmother who always showers them with her motherly love. Mrs. Darshi Gursharan, the beloved granny, has many years of experience as a school principal. The NGO has two branches namely the Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram and Sahaja Yoga Health and Research Centre. The Ashram spreads over 10,120 square meters. The building is swarming with lush green gardens and ponds, thus one is always in natures lap. The garden has many trees, bushes and flowers. Thus one feels completely in tune with Mother Nature throughout the year. Building of ashram encompasses four well furnished big halls, well equipped kitchen, dining hall, doctors room, two guests rooms, computer room, a small beauty parlour, and library. A woman, being the mother, is the creator and preserver of all humankind. However, i n our society the number of needy, abandoned women and girls is extremely large and this is the most helpless section of the society. The main thrust of Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram has been to work for this miserable section of society by providing them shelter, making them capable to acquire skill sets through vocational training for sustained life and thus helping them to integrate into society. Starting its work in 2003 in Greater NOIDA city of Uttar Pradesh, Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram is founded with the vision have pure motherly love for every human, every animal, and the whole earth. Develop inner balance and peace; be collective, tolerant and respectful to everyone. This NGO has provided shelter to 54 girls who have been unfortunate to lose their parents at a very young age. Girls with single parent are also provided shelter under extraordinary circumstances when that single parent is not capable of providing a good environment because of unfortunate such as being physically challenged or illness. The age group of children varies from the very young to adolescents. The second branch Sahaja Yoga Health and Research Centre was started in the year 2011 with the notion to provide free health care facilities to the residents of ashram and outdoor patients. The Health Centre is situated in picturesque, green surroundings and is a unique Health Centre of its kind in the world. At the Health Centre treatment for diseases is done by vibratory awareness, developed through Sahaja Yoga meditation. Since its inception, the health centre is has witnessed an increasing number of patients and has attracted many overseas visitors and many Indians. Cases of Hypertension, Bronchial Asthma, Diabetes, Migraine, Epilepsy, Depression and Cancer have been cured at the Health Centre. Access to education for the hard-to-reach children The Formal Education System Government initiatives to reform the educational service sector by concentrating on pedagogy and teaching and training processes as a means of increasing quality of education have not been adequate to bring about an effective and transformation in the quality of education. The idea of the NGO was conceived by Mata Nirmala Devi, which is developing strategies for educational inclusion of orphans and offering help to destitute women. The Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram started with the notion to put children in formal schooling system. The VNPA has developed and introduced systematic and innovative pedagogic approaches like multi level teaching, child centered teaching, development of cognitive and non cognitive skills among children and integrated learning. The girls of ashram are sent to attend nearby English medium schools. In campus computer coaching is provided to the residents. The main reason behind the formal schooling is that the girls would be associated with positive images of a more professionally developed, and regulated system. This would help girls to find jobs in formal sector and would have a sustained and secure future. As per the information provided by Mrs. Gisela Matzer (Oma), the managing director, two of the girls of ashram are pursuing their career in hotel management. Girls are assisted in their homework by professional teachers and they have special tuition classes for students as well. Depending upon the interests and talents they are trained in various art forms and skill sets from young age. Financial assistance and other helps are provided to the grown-up girls for their higher studies. These are provided with requisite support to find suitable jobs and many are also helped in matrimony based upon their will. In matrimonial cases, the Sahaj Yogis are preferred and there is a system of proper checking of backgrounds in such situations. In few cases persons outside their community are allowed to marry women or girls of ashram. Vocational Training The Non formal Education System Only reading and writing skills are not sufficient for children, they should be equipped with life skills as a mean for their sustained future. There must be provisions for development of cognitive and non cognitive skills. The curriculum and teaching methodologies should be pertinent and meaningful for the life situations of underprivileged. To meet out such expectations, innovation and quality improvement is demanded in the areas of education. NGO provision often intends to bring benefits in terms of the alternative forms of pedagogy and accountability it aims to offer is trough non formal education system. Non formal educational system may be defined as any systematic and organized educational activity, different from formal schooling system, used to provide selected types of learning and skills to particular subgroups of the population, adults as well as children. Non formal education includes trainings in the areas like farming and occupational skills, adult literacy program mes and various community programmes of instruction in health, family planning and the like. In this regard Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram along with formal schooling to its children is aimed at providing training in various non mainstream courses like music, painting, cooking, embroidery tailoring, fashion designing, beauty care, handicrafts, and Indian classical/folk dance. These training are carried out with the main focus on equipping the residents with employability skills and developing residents to be shareholders of the growing society. Also the non formal education is a shortcut and cost effective way of providing basic education. These non mainstream trainings also are the fund raising activities for the organization by selling art and craft items. Seminars, Excursions and other activities To make them feel as an integral part of the society, the residents of NGO are involved in various programs and festivals inside and outside the Ashram. All the festivals like Holi, Diwali, Christmas, and Raksha Bandhan are celebrated by the family members of Ashram. These girls are also appreciated by the community and the society members for their participation in various cultural activities. Sahaja Yoga seminars and programmes are attended by the residents across India. NGO Involvement in Health Research and Development In developing countries, NGOs have pivotal role in addressing health issues. These organizations are known for developing and implementing innovative and strategic programmes that address health issues. Being in the vicinity of local conditions, these NGOs have requisite data on health infrastructure and personnel and major obstacles to improvement. With these possessions, NGOs often are able to reach those segments of society that are either neglected by society or are not targeted as priority. These non government organizations try hard to meet the basic needs of unserved by ensuring access to health services, creating a clean and safe environment and promoting community participation. In ashram every new entrant has to undergo extensive medical checkup in order to ensure that she is not suffering from communicable diseases. Every resident has to make a health checkup on regular basis. For minor illness of residents in house medical facilities are there. In case of unremitting ailments the girls are resident ladies are taken to nearby hospitals in Greater Noida, NOIDA or Delhi. As per the information provided by the Executive Director, Mrs. Gisela Matzer, some hospitals provide free beds to the patients of NGO whereas other expenses like medicine etc. are to be borne by the ashram itself. Time to time dental camps and health checkup camps are organized with the help of medical agencies. Since the residents of the Ashram come from very depressed life situations, the inner strength and peace is essential. Yoga, meditation and other skills are taught to women and girls that help them trounce trauma and hence have inner balance and peace. These practices are based on the principles of Sahaj Yoga meditation to achieve the highest state of awareness. This gives them a feeling of being loved and respected and also gives them a feeling of social security. Because of her empathy and concern to alleviate human torments, Shri Mataji has created a Health and Research Centre in the premises of ashram to solve the most pressing problems of the society like health and also to help them become better individuals through the process of Sahaj Yoga. Conclusion While access to state schooling has grown in many countries in recent years, a hardcore of marginalised children continue to be excluded from this. The objectives to include these marginalized children into mainstream to some extent are realized by NGOs. The endeavors put in by The Vishwa Nirmala Prem Ashram to gain access to the primary education are worth appreciating. The influences engendered by the NGO can be summarized as follows: Teaching, guiding, counseling and nurturing children to make them responsible and productive citizens of India. For a sustained and secure future and to be a part of mainstream equipping these children with life skills by providing and assisting with education and training. Sponsorship for school fees and higher technical education as the case may be. Providing safe haven for those children and women who are homeless and children who are unfortunate not having parents. To provide healthcare facilities for orphan and destitute women with the help of in house doctors as well as multispecialty hospitals. By establishing projects and activities that generate income for the girls and women of the ashram. Helping adult girls in matrimony if these girls wish to. Assisting women and adult girls of the ashram in jobs and placement activities for subsistence. Assisting residents to cope up with the dilemma of life through meditation using principle of Sahaj Yoga and thus giving a positive and thoughtful approach towards life. In the light of these points, it may be concluded that unless NGOs make significant contribution in the promotion and implementation of scientific, innovative and culturally suitable approaches to improve the conditions of underprivileged in the fields of health care and education, their best efforts may not prove sufficient for ending various problems faced by this section of society. The role of NGOs in sensitizing underprivileged and make them demand their entitlements for basic rights is very significant. Table 1: Governing Body of NGO Name Designation Chairperson Sir C.P. Srivastava Secretary Prof. Kiran Walia Treasurer Mr. V.A.Deopujari Executive Director Mrs. Gisela Matzer Member Mrs. Sadhana Varma Member Mrs. Vineeta Shanker Member Mrs. Neeta Rai Member Mrs. Malini Khanna Member Mrs. Malti Prasad Member Ms Darshi Gurdarshan Table 2: The core activities of the NGO Surveyed Name of the Organisation Vishwa Nirmala Prem Ashram Location Greater NOIDA The Model   rehabilitation of destitute women and orphan children

Classroom Observation

Classroom Observation I. Setting a. Reading class b. 2 staff/approximately 17 students c. Smaller class than usual and one of a few classrooms that have an additional staff (paraprofessional) d. 4th grade (student functions on 2nd grade level for Reading) II. Type of Task a. Independent reading/worksheet Antecedent Student is presented with an independent reading task. Behavior Disruption Consequences Least to most hierarchy of student’s specific behavior plan. Antecedent in detail When presented with an independent reading assignment (following similar group work assignment) student will become frustrated because of the difficulty of the assignment causing the maladaptive behavior described Behavior in detail For this student disruptive behavior is defined as any occurrence of calling out, teasing others, name calling, kicking his desk, and/or screaming/yelling that interferes with his and his peers’ instructional time. Consequences in detail This student’s maladaptive behavior of disruption will result in consequences that range from the least to most hierarchy. This is specifically redirection to task, verbal reprimand of upcoming consequences, in class time out away from the majority of the students (at this time the student is still required to be working on the independent task), out of class time out (monitored by the paraprofessional), sent to the behavior specialist assigned to this student. This last step typically results in a phone call to the parent/guardian explaining the student’s maladaptive behavior. It also may result in the requirement of a meeting of the pertinent parties involved (teacher, paraprofessional, and behavior specialist. Dwayne Williams03/29/2010 AntecedentsBehaviorConsequenceFunction Student is presented with an independent reading task. Disruption Least to most hierarchy of student’s specific behavior plan. For Attention Peers Staff

Business Impact Analysis - 1075 Words

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Human Trafficking And The Terrorism - 2321 Words

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Dr. Shelley, founder and director of the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center and Professor in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University is a lead expert on transnational crime and terrorism. She has written numerous works on all sides of transnational crime and corruption. The main focus of her work is on the former Soviet Union. Shelley does an excellent job on giving the reader

Augustine Medical, Inc. - 1044 Words

Augustine Medical, Inc. The Bair Hugger ® Patient Warming System Problem: August Medical, Inc. was incorporated as a Minnesota corporation to develop and market products for hospital operating rooms and postoperative recovery rooms. And the main problem of Bair Hugger patient Warming System is how to price this system and how to compete to other competitors. SWOT Analysis: Strength | weakness | 1. The system has a good structure design.2. Warm air makes patients feel warm and stop shivering.3. The system cannot cause burns and water leaks around electrical equipment are not a problem, as they are with water-circulating blankets.4. The disposable blankets eliminate the potential for cross-contamination among patients.5. The system†¦show more content†¦We assume the price of heater/blower is P1; the price of blanket is P2. V1 stands for volume of heater/blower; V2 stands for volume of blanket. So the minimum revenues= $500,000 + (0.3P+380)*V1 + (0.4P1+0.85)*V2 Breakeven = fixed cost/margin = total dollar fixed costs/ unit selling price –unit variable costs So Breakeven = 500000/ (0.7P-380) + (0.6P1-0.85) EXHBIT 1: Break-even analysis for postoperative patients who need blankets: Surgical operations are performed annually | $21000000 | More than seven beds hospital needed | 1-20% =80% | Percentage of postoperative is hypothermic | 60-80% | Patients who need blanketsFrom 60%-80 | 21,000,000*80%*60%=10,080,000 | | 21,000,000*80%*80%=13,440,000 | Exhibit 2 An estimated breakdown of the number of postoperative hospital beds and the percentage of surgical operations is shown below: Number of postoperative | Number of hospitals | Estimated percentage of surgical operations | 0 | 1,608 | 0% | 1-6 | 3,602 | 20 | 7-11 | 1,281 | 40 | 12-17 | 391 | 20 | 18-22 | 135 | 10 | 23-28 | 47 | 6 | 29-33 | 17 | 2 | gt;33 | 17 | 2 | AH1: We can assume the blanket price is $26, because the list from $20 to $26, and we don’t charge the heater/blower. Due to the good facility, we can set the market share at 15%, so the blanket unit =31,365*60%*15%/8=352. Breakeven for blankets= (352*380 + 500,000) / (0.6*$26-0.85) = 42,966Show MoreRelatedAugustine Medical, Inc.1961 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction ( Background and Situation) Augustine Medical, Inc. was founded by Dr. Scott Augustine, an anesthesiologist from Minnesota, in 1987. The company was created to develop and market products for hospital operating rooms and postoperative recovery rooms. The company provides innovative solutions to combat postoperative conditions such as hypothermia. Medical research indicates that 60 to 80 percent of all postoperative recovery room patients are clinically hypothermic. Hypothermia isRead More Augustine Medical, Inc. Essay1891 Words   |  8 PagesAugustine Medical, Inc. Introduction ( Background and Situation) Augustine Medical, Inc. was founded by Dr. Scott Augustine, an anesthesiologist from Minnesota, in 1987. The company was created to develop and market products for hospital operating rooms and postoperative recovery rooms. The company provides innovative solutions to combat postoperative conditions such as hypothermia. Medical research indicates that 60 to 80 percent of all postoperative recovery room patients are clinicallyRead MoreAugustines Medical Case Analysis Essay1761 Words   |  8 PagesAUGUSTINE MEDICAL, INC. CASE ANALYSIS THE BAIR HUGGER PATIENT WARMING SYSTEM I. Factual Summary: * The United States does not currently have an established warm-air technology blanket market. * The Bair Hugger Patient Warming System product is not a consumer device. The main users of this product consist of businesses and hospitals. * Hospitals will always be provided funding necessary to prevent hypothermia and other diseases; as a result a demand will consistently be commonRead MoreAugustine Medical Case Study1763 Words   |  8 Pagesheater/blower unit and disposable warming covers. The ultimate problem facing Augustine Medical, Inc. is how to price theses two components of the product and how to position it compared to its competitors. There are many substitutes available for hospitals to treat and prevent hypothermia. However, there are many disadvantages to the variety of other devices which virtually treat the same condition. Augustine Medical believes that their product is superior to their competitors’ products. S.WRead More Marketing Research For Augustine Medical Essay2527 Words   |  11 PagesMarketing Research For Augustine Medical This report references exhibits and appendices not included within the document Executive summary By early 1988, Augustine Medical executives were actively engaged in finalizing and marketing the program for the patient warming system named Bair Hugger Patient Warming System. The principal question yet to be resolved was how to price this system. Several considerations are required in terms of organizational objectives, demand for the product, customerRead MoreAugustine Medical Case2849 Words   |  12 PagesAUGUSTINE MEDICAL, INC. The Bair Hugger Patient Warming System Winston Rivero MK 4900 Prof. H. Barksdale October 16th, 2012 Industry Analysis: †¢ Many competitive technologies are available for the prevention and treatment of postoperative hypothermia. The fall into the two categories: o Surface Warming ââ€" ª Warmed hospital blankets ââ€" ª Water-circulating blankets ââ€" ª Air-circulating blankets and mattresses Read More Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay4185 Words   |  17 Pagespresident’s reluctance to address this question does not mean that this and related questions are not proper topics for theological inquiry. And while in a pluralistic society a Christian theological analysis cannot dominate—as no less an authority than Augustine observed, civil law as opposed to church law must be based on a consensus of the governed—it should be articulated. Among the theological questions human embryonic stem cell research raises are the following: When does a human embryo becomeRead More Too Many Religions, Not Enough Truth Essay2557 Words   |  11 Pagesaffluent lives. Ornate churches and cathedrals around the world have been erected to please a chosen God. In many locations, right outside the boundary of a magnificent complex, thousands of people are living in squalor without clean water, food, and medical care, but the top brass live want-free lives. If God created the entire universe and this luscious, little planet, would a piece of architecture be of much importance to Him? The hoopla is for naught. 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Russell argues that the political-medical establishment robs the gay male of his masculinity and conditions him to acquiescence...; the state-regulated identity of the fag . Burroughs satirises this and responds in `Naked Lunch, with the `talking ass-hole routine, where an anus interrupts

School Finance Paper Free Essays

Connie Findley University of Phoenix June 14, 2010 School Finance Issue Paper There is a popular myth that government sponsored public education is cost free to students, families and teachers (Darden, 2007). The economic crisis has resulted in a wave of reduced funding sources for school districts around the country. As state and city budgets have been slashed, the consequences for districts are dire (Trainor, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on School Finance Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Debates about how to improve public education in America often focus on whether government should spend more on education. Federal and state policy makers proposing new education programs often base their arguments on the need to provide more resources to improve opportunities for students (Lips at el. , 2008). The increasing number of budget cuts have left teachers, administrators, families footing the bill for classroom materials. The challenge has become to provide essential school supplies and classroom materials despite millions in budget cuts. Many districts has raised dozen of school fees for various students activities and added many items to school supply lists every year (Dyrli, 2008). In recent years there has been a great interest in the effect of school resources on academic achievement ( Froese, 1997). Answering whether spending more on public education improves academic achievement begins with establishing how much the United States spends on education. In 2007, the federal government spent $71. 7 billion on elementary and secondary education programs. These funds were spent by 13 federal departments ad multiple agencies. The Department of Education spent $39. 2 billion on K-12 education. The largest programs in the Department of Educations budget were education for the disadvantaged and special education (Lips at el. , 2008). The monies dedicated to states from the federal government is earmarked for certain programs. Allotted monies for school resources do not always equate to materials for classroom instruction. Many people believe that lack of funding is a problem in public education, but historical trends show that American spending on public education is at an all-time high (Lips at el. , 2008). Acknowledging that education excellence cost money, the vast majority of school districts have a tough time keeping pace. Schools are tempting to use several solutions to combat the budget crisis. Schools are collecting fees from parents, they can pretend not to notice as teachers quietly bear the expenses as an act of caring, or solicit or accept dollars that come from third-party sources (Darden, 2007). Academic researchers have sought to answer the question of whether education expenditures are correlated with student performance. However, there is a lack of consistent evidence on whether education expenditures are related to academic achievement. Despite the lack of consistent finding, leading researchers in the area acknowledge that any effect of per-pupil expenditures on academic outcomes depends on how money is spent, not how much money is spent (Lips at. el. , 2008). Existing evidence indicates that the typical school system today do not use resources well at least if promoting students achievement is the purpose. The high and increasing percentage of funding is allocated to non-classroom expenditures is evidence of the need to improve resource allocation in the nation’s public schools. According to the National Center for Public Education Statistics, only fifty two percent of public education expenditures are spent on instruction. This percentage has slowly been decreasing over recent decades (Lips at. el. , 2008). One problem school districts are facing is shrinking enrollment. These school districts are left with vacant buildings and hundreds of thousands of dollars tied up in desk, chairs, office supplies and equipment, computers and textbooks that may eventually find their way to the dump. At the same time, districts in growing communities struggle to accommodate an enrollment expansion with limited funding, facilities and equipment. Administrators may be forced to purchase and temporary classrooms (Trainor, 2010). One of the major areas that school administrators are focusing on is technology in the classroom. While many teachers are bearing the cost of glue, paper, pencils and other classroom materials essential for achievement, school officials are providing funding for instructional computer programs to help increase reading and math achievement. While purchasing new computers is not always an option many school districts are finding ways to provide computers without overspending. In an effort to reduce cost, some school technology leaders have formed groups to negotiate pricing with firms selling refurbished computers. Because every computer in a school setting does not need the most sophisticated capabilities, refurbished models provide access as well as word processing and other basic programs at an affordable price (Trainor, 2010). Providing updated and current textbooks is another recurring cost that school systems face. There is a large used textbook market which has existed for decades. Districts around the country regularly sell retired textbooks. Sometimes school systems replace relatively new textbooks because of a change in curriculum requirements (Trainor, 2010). School systems are wasting money of textbooks each year due to purchasing books that are already retired or by purchasing an older edition of a textbook. Teachers are using creative ways to supplement curriculums and information not found in textbooks but are required by the state to teach. School districts need a willingness to explore the possibilities of learning about the other three Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle (Trainor, 2010). When budgets are tight, district administrators must sometimes choose between supplies and other needs. To help bridge the gap, many teachers are buying more material than ever for their classrooms. The most recent study by the National School Supply and Equipment Association found that in the 2005-2006 school year, teachers spent and average of $552 on school supplies and instructional material (Dyrli, 2008). Some school systems have found themselves in court over the idea of providing a free education while asking parents to pay for school activities. In April 2006, the Indiana Supreme Court struck down Evansville-Vanderburgh School Districts $20 school activity fee, saying it was the equivalent of tuition charge and therefore violated the state constitution. The money was used to pay for music, drama, nurses, school counselors, alternative education and other needs. This fee was an attempt by this school system to balance the budget (Darden, 2010). One of the perks that teachers could look forward to during tax season is the tax credit offered to teachers. California Public School teachers in 2004 found out right before school started that they would no longer be able to deduct the cost of school supplies from their taxes. California cancelled its Teachers Retention Tax Credit, hoping to save about $400 million over two years (Vail, 2004). Nationally, teachers have similar, though much lower tax program for supplies. Most school districts have classroom budgets for such expenses, but teachers frequently dip into their own pockets to supplement the budget. The general public does not understand how much teachers spend out of their own pockets just to be able to do their jobs, but they do it because it’s the best for the students and they want the students to learn, achieve and be successful (Vail, 2004). Tax payers have invested considerable resources in the nation’s public schools. However, increasing funding if education has not led to similarly improved student performance (Lips at. e. , 2008). School systems across the country are now looking for ways to supplement their restricted and strained budgets. Many are looking at purchasing refurbished computers, recycled classroom materials, charging fees to parents and adding more supplies to back-to-school list. While these efforts are not in vain they are only a starting point. School district are going to have to solicit funding from private corporations, form partnerships with business in community and find raise to help supplement declining funds. What does this mean for students and teachers? Teachers continue to purchase classroom materials essential to help students master core goals. Students are having to adjust to larger classrooms, sharing materials and equipment while goals and standards continue to rise. Teachers will have to bear the burden to meet federal mandates while working with less than adequate supplies. These barriers will force teacher and parents to provide creative alternatives for learning and building stronger relationships with each other in order to provide students with more learning opportunities. Reference Darden, E. (May, 2007). School law show me the money. American School Board Journal, 44-45. Dyrli, K. (2008). School supplies on a budget. World Wide Web. htp://www. DistrictAdministraton. com. Froese, V. (1997). The relationship of school materials and resources to reading literacy: An international perspective. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Lips, D. , Watkins, S. , and Fleming, J. (2008). Does spending more on education improve academic achievement? Backgrounder: The Heritage Foundation of America, 2179. Trainor, C. (2010). The other three rs. American School Board Journal, 50-51. Vail, K. (2004). Tax credit for school supplies? Maybe not. American School Board Journal, 8. How to cite School Finance Paper, Papers

Borderline Personality Disorder

Question: Shayne (23 year-old first-generation Australian from European immigrant background) is a well- known frequent admission to the inpatient mental health unit. She has had a mental health case manager since she was 15 years old, and is currently on a management plan with the local community mental health team. In the past, she has been diagnosed with depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, dyslexia and other learning difficulties. She has frequently been admitted in crisis, with suicidal ideation and a range of self-harm issues including cutting, overdose, and pulling out her hair. She has previously disclosed a history of childhood sexual assault by a relative, and has yet to press charges against her abuser, despite frequently discussing the idea with her psychologists. When not in hospital, Shayne is a full time university student completing an honours program in Creative Arts (photography and design). She is from a wealthy family, and has access to housing and transport provided by her parents, but currently lives with an older brother in accommodation near university. Shayne has recently been diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. Write a Case Study which assumes they have been accepted as a client by a NSW Health Community Mental Health Team. Answer: Brief Borderline Personality Disorder or BDP is a type of mental illness which makes people hard to feel safe when they are in the company of other people. They also fear having healthy beliefs and thoughts about themselves. The individuals who are suffering from BDP are unable to control their impulses and emotions. These people experience distress in family, social life and in their work and they might even try to harm themselves. The individuals suffering from BPD does not have any physical ailments, rather it is just a condition of the mind and the brain (Borderline Personality Disorder, 2015). The researchers are not able to find out the reason of this mental disorder. The researchers have shown that the disease is due to a combination of biological factors or the genetic factors and also the experiences that the person gains while growing up. The experiences can be anything from trauma in early life to severe loss. It is estimated that at any point in time, 1.8% of the general popula tion experience BPD. About 75% of these are females (males are more likely to be diagnosed with other disorders). Spectrum the BPD service Victoria. The DSM-IV-TR categorizes personality disorders into 3 behavioral clusters: a. odd or accentric; b. dramatic, emotional or erratic and c. anxious and fearful. The symptoms of this mental disorder start arising during the adolescence or at the early adulthood of the person and it is seen that this disease tends to get better with time as the person grows up (Gunderson, 2015). Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder The symptoms of this disease can be discussed as below: Emotions which are out of control- people who are suffering from BPD often show symptoms of changeable feelings of hate and love. They sometimes tend to depend fully on others and sometimes they tend not to depend at all on others. People suffering from this condition easily trigger various levels of emotions and they have problems controlling their emotions of anger or love. Behavior which can cause self damage- it means that the people who are suffering from this mental disorder are more likely to cause self harm or may attempt suicide (Aguirre Galen, n.d.). The person indulges in this sort of actions as this often helps in temporarily relief from the sufferings. It may also tend to make the individual addicted to alcohol or drugs. Concerns about their abandonment- the individual may show certain behavior or they may react to criticism or rejections. They have problems coping with separations from people and losses (Health.qld.gov.au, 2015). Their unstable self esteem and interpersonal relationship- the person suffering from this disease is always in an urge to find self esteem and identity. Maintaining the thoughts and feelings is very difficult for them and it sometimes makes them feel vulnerable. Sudden depression, anger, anxiety and rage- past problems related to trauma, deprivation and abuse can lead to depressions, nightmares, panic symptoms like anxiety and rage. The people also tend to become more impulsive in this condition (Nimh.nih.gov, 2013). Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder There are various ways by which the disorder can be diagnosed. The diagnosis can be done if the person shows certain disorders like dyslexia, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and other difficulties. It needs to be seen that the patient in this case Shayne needs to be treated in the community mental health setting whereby she will be treated outside the hospital in a friendly environment. In this type of treatment the person does not have to stay in the hospital to get the care and the treatment. it is seen that the people will get the required treatment in the community. Legal Status according to the Mental Health Act (2007) The objectives of the mental health act 2007 are: The consumers civil rights are protected. The act aims to provide appropriate care to the people who are mentally disordered or ill. To facilitate treatment, control and acre through the community facilities. To provide hospital care on involuntary and voluntary basis. A voluntary mental patient is one who chooses to get admitted to mental health facilities. The person is under care from their guardians and has been admitted with the guardians approval. If the medical officer feels that the person is either mentally disordered or ill then he can retain the patient. But the patient can at any time discharge himself or the medical officer can discharge that person if he feels so (MENTAL HEALTH ACT (2007) GUIDE BOOK, 2015). An Involuntary mental patient is the one who has been taken into care against their will. Such a case happens when the person has committed an offence in the state of mental disturbance. Moreover if the person has tried to risk his life, or made an attempt to kill someone else then they can be taken into care against their will as well. This type of individuals are taken to welfare centers and dealt under the mental health legislation and not under criminal laws. Impact of the disorder on the individual A person suffering from borderline personality disorder is not clear about his sense of self, and frequently feels fundamentally flawed or worthless. Inexplicable anger, mood swings and impulsivity generally drive others away, even though the suffering person wants to have loving relationships. BPD affects how someone feels about himself, how he behaves and how he relates to others (Chapman Gratz, n.d.). A person suffering from BPD often suffers from insecurity and sometimes changing sense of who he is and it is called as identity diffusion. A person may see himself as bad or evil, and sometimes they may feel that he doesnt exist at all. This unstable state of mind often leads to frequent changes in friendships, jobs, values, and goals. It is also one of the most common causes of the risk-taking behaviors and self-harming behavior associated with this mental disorder (Krawitz Jackson, 2008). Impact of the disorder on the family The people who are diagnosed with BPD may be at risk and it also affects the family members of the person (Roberts and Roberts, 2007). Their career, family, property and also their own life are in constant risk of being affected. People with BPD also affect their near and dear ones; their friends, family and partners. The family members are in stress when they see that the person is suffering. They may feel helpless watching the person suffer and engage in destructive behaviors. Often the family members also experience psychological trauma when they experience the high risks of the mental disorder (BPDFamily, 2015). Often the level of stress can lead to tension in marriage and also divorce and separation. It is often seen that some of the family members move away from the family to avoid the stress of having a BPD in the family. Impact of the disorder on their careers BPD often affects the careers of a person. The problem arises when the person suffers from identity crisis. It makes an individual hard to settle or focus on a career path. The person jumps from one job to another and does not build a successful career on a particular job (Roberts Roberts, 2007). It is known that interaction is very important in any job but it may be difficult for a person to socialize with the people around them in this condition (Bateman Fonagy, 2004). They cannot operate within deadlines and also cannot tolerate anyone dictating them and it often leads to losing their jobs. The risks associated with their diagnosis Several studies have been performed on people to find out the reasons as to why a certain person is prone to BDP. The studies have found that there are several childhood incidents that may lead to the mental disorder. Socioeconomic deprivation, stressful life and trauma are some of the reasons of the increased BPD. Moreover bad parenting and psychiatric disorders may also lead to this disorder (Spectrumbpd.com.au, 2015). Risk factors related to genes The individuals who have a sensitive genotype are at a greater risk of having BPD. When these people are disposed to the environment of serious tension and trauma, they may accumulate the disorder. This mental disorder has the risk of recurring illness and may even lead to adverse life events (Sutton, 2010). Risk factors related to the environment The adverse experiences of childhood like abuse, trauma, and neglect and other interpersonal difficulties may lead to the mental disorders. The maladaptive parenting and schooling experiences as well as low family income, low socioeconomic status and single parent upbringing are some of the risks associated with the persons mental disorders when they grow up. The individuals who have a history of mental disorder like for example our client Shayne who was having the disorder when she was 15 years and have been undergoing constant treatment from since then. She was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and recently been diagnosed with BPD. The cause of her mental disorder was a childhood sexual abuse by a relative against whom she has not taken any step (Dsm5.org, 2015). She was unable to cope up with that trauma and has constant mental breakdown and tendency to hurt her repeatedly. Moreover she is from a rich family background and her family is not bothered about her wellbeing and has given he all the luxuries but not the mental care and support that she needed. Often the problem recurs when the person goes through the same phase in the life. Maybe there is a tense situation in workplace or an assault from some person. The BPD person will face difficulty in coping with the new addition of mental pressure and might lead to a breakdown. How the problem can be assessed The mental disorders can be assessed by the American Psychiatric Associations DSM (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders). It is very difficult to diagnose the BPD as it sometimes overlaps the conditions of psychiatric disorders as well as bipolar disorders. Thus it is a challenge to identify the disease with experience. It is always necessary to consult an expert on this matter for the diagnosis. The early symptoms of this disorder are that the person shows repeated unstable and intense behaviors with other people in a relation to him. The persons may be sent to a psychiatrist for counseling if they are found to be self harming and emotionally instable (Davidson, 2012). If the person constantly feels empty and emotionally low then also the people around him needs to consult to an expert. Often the treatment is also very distressing for the person. The doctor or the expert needs to be careful while treating the person not to traumatize him any further. The thing that needs to be handled is how the person is functioning socially and psychologically. The family also needs to ensure that the person is safe and causing no harm to him and the people surrounding him (Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, 2015). A treatment plan There are various psychological theories that are effective in the treatment of the people suffering from BPD. The people who are suffering from this disease must be given a structured psychological treatment by professionals and experts. The doctors should not choose to treat the person with medicine as medicines make fewer improvements or show no improvements at all. The expert who treats the persons with mental disorders needs to handle the person with respect. The doctor must be caring and compassionate; he needs to be reliable and consistent also (Understanding borderline personality disorder, 2015). The doctors must pay attention to the BPD people while listening to him so that the person clearly communicates with the doctor. The doctor must admit the person with acute mental problem if he feels so; but he must also make sure that the person doesnt stays in the hospital for a long time since it may be very stressful for the person. The most useful and helpful treatment plan for the people suffering from BPD is to let them have a normal life with the care of their family. The doctors also must acknowledge the role of the family in healing the patients mental condition to a great extent. The doctors must involve a care plan for the person by involving the family, friend and others who care for the person. The doctors must educate the family and the friends of the person in order to support the person mentally. The doctors should also educate the families to deal with suicidal attempts as well as self harm behaviours. The family is also given advises on how they should interact with the person on a day to day basis. How the family can be involved The family of Shayne as in this case must bear with her. They need to be supportive and show care and love towards her. They must stay calm and guide her in her journey. The family must speak to her and find out how she is dealing with her difficulties keeping in mind not to put pressure on her mind. Her family must try and keep her happy not only by giving her all the luxuries but also by showing that they are there to support her and that they care for her well being. The family needs to take her to outings and associate her in works so that she is away from mental stress. Moreover the family can act as the guide for her and must help her in her needs. Medication Shayne had overdose her self Naloxone should be used in the diagnosis and treatment of opioid overdose associated with impaired consciousness and/or respiratory depression (NICE CG16, 2004. While medications do not cure BPD, some medication may be helpful in managing specific symptoms. Some medication can reduce symptoms of anxiety, depression or aggression. (national institute of mental health) Omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the symptoms of aggression and depression. Services to help her combat her disorder Skill-based training- A skill-based training group is designed to augment the capabilities and problem-solving skills of the individual, and it allows for practice of same in the form of role playing within the group which comprises of approximately 2hours per week. Individual psychotherapy- Individual psychotherapy, delivered on a weekly basis for 6090min, with its function to relate the skills learned in the group to the clients personal circumstances. It also allows time for addressing commitment to the therapy and aims to reduce identified problem behaviors. Telephone calls- Telephone consultation is designed to briefly assist clients to utilize appropriate skills to overcome obstacles in an effective manner. Also, it aims to maintain the therapeutic relationship and help the individual ask for help. Consultation team meetings- Meeting between the therapy team on a weekly basis to facilitate case discussion and enhance the therapists skills and provide support and motivation. It also helps therapists adhere to the treatment plan and helps to prevent therapist burnout. Useful services by the nurse Nurses should involve patient in all decision making so that decisions are based on an explicit, joint understanding and the person is encouraged to consider the various treatment options. The mental care health professionals include the general practitioners, nurse practitioners, clinical psychologists and aboriginal health workers. These people helps and support the person suffering from the problem as well as the family, so that the person may overcome the BPD. They conduct mental health assessments for the patients who have repeatedly faced the problem and also indulged in risk taking attitudes. After discharging the patient from the treatment, the nurses provide a brief consultation to the patients and their family (Garber, Gross Slonim, 2010). The nurse also sees that whether any other service providers have been provided or not. They re-access the services if it is needed in future. The nurse and other health attendant also see that the rules are maintained by the patient and re-engage with the patient if they do not follow so. Thus the nurses constantly keep in touch with the family and the patient to ensure that the patient is enjoying a healthy life. Conclusion It can be concluded by saying that the disease is a serious mental disorder and needs to be treated with care. The patient in this case needs to have proper care outside the hospital or the community health care centre (Understanding borderline personality disorder, 2015). The family needs to support her in the recovery process as well as she must take the initiative to be stable and look at the fact that she does not become too excited. More over it needs it be seen that the family needs to know how to support her and she needs to take medication as well as psychology treatment. References Aguirre, B. Galen, G. (n.d.).Mindfulness for borderline personality disorder. Bateman, A. Fonagy, P. (2004).Psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Borderline Personality Disorder. (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] National Institute of Mental Health. Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/borderline-personality-disorder/Borderline_Personality_Disorder_508_141959.pdf [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. BPDFamily, (2015).BPDFamily. [online] Available at: https://bpdfamily.com/ [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Chapman, A. Gratz, K. (n.d.).Borderline personality disorder. Davidson, D. (2012).CHIEF PSYCHIATRISTS REVIEW OF CLINICAL PRACTICE. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.chiefpsychiatrist.health.wa.gov.au/docs/Admissions_and_Discharges_of_Mental_Health_Presentations_Report_June_2012.pdf [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Dsm5.org, (2015).Home | APA DSM-5. [online] Available at: https://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Garber, J., Gross, M. Slonim, A. (2010).Avoiding common nursing errors. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Gunderson, J. (2015).An Introduction to Borderline Personality Disorder. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.borderlinepersonalitydisorder.com/documents/A_BPD_Brief_REV2011.pdf [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Health.qld.gov.au, (2015).Mental Health Psychoeducational Factsheets, Mental Health Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. [online] Available at: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/rbwh/services/mh_factsheets.asp [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Krawitz, R. and Jackson, W. (2008).Borderline personality disorder. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kristalyn Salters